We all are getting older, and along with accepting this condition - the performance of our memory is also getting fall off. Therefore, someday you may often forget to certain things! The memory loss is not only worried by older people, because nowadays it also can attacks at the earlier age of 20. Thankfully, there are also some simple things and helpful ideas to protect your memory in order
Protect Your Memory with Simple Ideas
We all are getting older, and along with accepting this condition - the performance of our memory is also getting fall off. Therefore, someday you may often forget to certain things! The memory loss is not only worried by older people, because nowadays it also can attacks at the earlier age of 20. Thankfully, there are also some simple things and helpful ideas to protect your memory in order
Guide on Choosing the Gym!
Sometimes, choosing the best one of gyms that is right for you is not as easy or simple as it sounds! There are a lot of choices to choose from, and you may be confused due to this situation. However more choices of fitness or gym centers in your local area should be beneficial for you, because you can find one that can accommodate your requirements almost perfectly.
You may also like to read
Top 6 Diabetes Complications
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One of popular disorders of metabolism is diabetes. There are some diabetes complications that can be a serious health problem! But before discussing more about these complications, you may need to know first what actually diabetes is! As well we know that the food that we eat will be converted to be glucose (a form of sugar that can be found in the blood),
Diabetes and Heart Disease!
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What is the correlation between diabetes and heart disease? Well…in many cases, heart disease is a serious health condition that can be a common problem for individuals with diabetes.
The blood vessels of the body can be damaged due to the high levels of blood sugar over the years. And this is particularly true in the brain and heart! Therefore, two common
Weight Loss - Diabetes (Correlation of Both)
Is there any correlation between diabetes and weight loss? Many studies found that people with overweight will get a higher risk of diabetes. Therefore, decreasing pounds of your weight will be so helpful enough to get a better result if you have diabetes & overweight, because each pound of your weight loss will be useful to decrease the blood sugar level. Read also top myths of diabetes diet!
Listening to cells spike with your phone
In 1992, Linder and Palka proposed using a very simple cockroach leg preparation to teach students about neuroscience; specifically to teach them about the most visible electrical property of the neuron, the action potential. The company Backyard Brains expanded and modernized this idea by creating the SpikerBox, an inexpensive, portable way to record action potentials. And now you can download their app for your smart phone!
A quote from their download site explains it all:
Here is their commercial that shows how the spikerbox works:
http://news.backyardbrains.com/2011/10/spikes-on-the-android/
I am so on board with the mission of this company, to make basic, cellular-level neuroscience accessible for everyone.
One more thing: I have never blogged about a company before, so I just want to let everyone know that I am in no way affiliated with, and have no commercial interest in Backyard Brains, I just think that they are really cool.
Readers, I am curious have any of you tried this? seen it? what did you think?
Linder TM, & Palka J (1992). A student apparatus for recording action potentials in cockroach legs. The American journal of physiology, 262 (6 Pt 3) PMID: 1616063
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A quote from their download site explains it all:
"When was the first time you heard the sound of a brain cell? Was it in elementary school, high school, or college? Chances are your answer is "never," as we neuroscientists have typically had to go to major research universities and use expensive equipment to learn about and investigate the brain.I have not tried this app for the phone or the spikerbox, so I cannot speak from experience, but I did visit their poster (the most interactive 'poster' I have ever been to) at 2011 Society for Neuroscience meeting. There they demonstrated the cockroach leg preparation and the simple use of the spikerbox.
With the SpikerBox (available open-source from http://backyardbrains.com) you can now listen to living neurons from insects. With this android app, you can view what the spikes of neurons look like and record it to your phone for later analysis. What used to take up a whole room you now have in your hand, and for cheap. Think of it!"
Here is their commercial that shows how the spikerbox works:
http://news.backyardbrains.com/2011/10/spikes-on-the-android/
I am so on board with the mission of this company, to make basic, cellular-level neuroscience accessible for everyone.
One more thing: I have never blogged about a company before, so I just want to let everyone know that I am in no way affiliated with, and have no commercial interest in Backyard Brains, I just think that they are really cool.
Readers, I am curious have any of you tried this? seen it? what did you think?
Linder TM, & Palka J (1992). A student apparatus for recording action potentials in cockroach legs. The American journal of physiology, 262 (6 Pt 3) PMID: 1616063Top 5 Diabetes Diet Myths!
You may feel frustrated or overwhelmed while hearing about diabetes diet. You may also hear some myths associated with it, like too many rules that you have to do in a diabetes diet or eating sugar a lot will make worse your diabetes.
Here is a nice article that will explore more about some popular diabetes diet myths. You may also like to know type 2 diabetes symptoms!
Diabetes can occur
Type-2 Diabetes Symptoms in Men, and Complications
Looking for type 2 diabetes symptoms in men? Well…in fact there are approximately more than 90 percent of men with diabetes are type 2 diabetes! But this doesn’t mean it only attack men, because anyone can have and get it, including for women (read also healthy tips for pregnant women with diabetes).
And this disease is more likely to occur in people who have metabolic syndrome (
5 Natural Foods for Acne Treatment
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If you ask what is the most annoying thing that interfere your confidence then one of the answers is acne or pimples on the skin of your face. And the next question ‘what are best natural foods for acne treatment?’ There are many choices to choose from, and let’s explore more some of them in this post. -- Read also helpful tips to stay young and healthy!
Yes’-
Morning Sickness: How to Manage It at Home?
Morning sickness is something that can bother a lot for women with pregnancy! Most of pregnant women will get it, because it is one of the most major symptoms of pregnancy. And the big question is how to prepare yourself so thus you can manage it better? Let’s discuss more some helpful tips on how to manage morning sickness at home?
Before continuing to read this article, don’t forget to
Morning Sickness (Causes-Symptoms)
You may need to know about the causes and symptoms of morning sickness so thus you can prepare yourself better for your pregnancy. Read also about when does it start? and how to manage it?, before continuing!
What is morning sickness? It is one of the most popular early signs of pregnancy, which can be the toughest part of early pregnancy in the 1-st trimester. It is also usually referred
The "Human Neuron", not so special after all?
Von Economo neurons, a set of neurons classified by their elongated, 'spindle-like' shape, were once thought to belong only to humans and great apes. This uniqueness, as you might imagine, encouraged extensive speculation about what this neuron does. Do they make you smart? Do they process emotions? social cues? future planning?
Not that extensive speculation is a bad thing, it's just that it is easy to jump into the deep end and assume that because something is unique to humans, it is what makes humans unique.
You may have guessed where this is going. It turns out that this type of cell is not unique to humans and great apes. It is found in whales, hippos, zebras, manatees, and elephants.
This doesn't mean that the cells don't process emotions or social cues, it just means that they are not unique to humans.
There are studies showing that Von Economo neurons are reduced in post-mortem human brains afflicted with certain diseases, such as schizophrenia and autism (reviewed in Butti et al., 2011)
But according to Butti et al.
The real question that these cells bring up for me is 'what does it mean to be a class of cell'? why does it matter that these cells have elongated spindle-like bodies, when they are chemically similar to some pyramidal cells in the mouse brain. Butti et al. point out that VENs have specific peptide expression of GRP and NMB, and that pyramidal cells in the mouse cortex also express GRP and NMB.
If we define type of neuron by chemical signature, then these are not necessarily unique cells. It is only their specific shape which is special and even that is common to many large animals. Maybe this type of neuron is expressed in all mammals, but in the large ones it needs to have a large spindle shape to work more efficiently.
Butti C, Santos M, Uppal N, & Hof PR (2011). Von Economo neurons: Clinical and evolutionary perspectives. Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior PMID: 22130090
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Not that extensive speculation is a bad thing, it's just that it is easy to jump into the deep end and assume that because something is unique to humans, it is what makes humans unique.
You may have guessed where this is going. It turns out that this type of cell is not unique to humans and great apes. It is found in whales, hippos, zebras, manatees, and elephants.
 |
| Figure 8. Butti et al., 2011 |
This doesn't mean that the cells don't process emotions or social cues, it just means that they are not unique to humans.
There are studies showing that Von Economo neurons are reduced in post-mortem human brains afflicted with certain diseases, such as schizophrenia and autism (reviewed in Butti et al., 2011)
But according to Butti et al.
"It is important to note that, despite the previously discussed hypotheses on the possible functional role and implication of VENs in neuropsychiatric disorders, direct evidence has yet to be found."These cells are obviously difficult to study because no 'research animal' has them. As far as I am aware, no one knows where they project in the brain or what inputs feed onto them. And I don't think anyone has been able to investigate their spiking patterns.
The real question that these cells bring up for me is 'what does it mean to be a class of cell'? why does it matter that these cells have elongated spindle-like bodies, when they are chemically similar to some pyramidal cells in the mouse brain. Butti et al. point out that VENs have specific peptide expression of GRP and NMB, and that pyramidal cells in the mouse cortex also express GRP and NMB.
If we define type of neuron by chemical signature, then these are not necessarily unique cells. It is only their specific shape which is special and even that is common to many large animals. Maybe this type of neuron is expressed in all mammals, but in the large ones it needs to have a large spindle shape to work more efficiently.
 |
| source |
Butti C, Santos M, Uppal N, & Hof PR (2011). Von Economo neurons: Clinical and evolutionary perspectives. Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior PMID: 22130090When Does Morning Sickness Start?
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One of the most frequently asked questions when you are getting pregnant is about when does morning sickness start? You may also like to know about causes & symptoms of morning sickness, and tips on how to manage it, before continuing!
In many cases, it is one of the clearly symptoms if a woman is pregnant, which also may be one of the toughest part, particularly
Cold and Flu Symptoms (Common Signs)
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You may ask to yourself frequently about what do you get between flu and cold when you wake up coughing or sneezing. And even some people have opinion that there is no difference between flu and cold! You can get the answer clearly if you can distinguish the cold symptoms and flu symptoms! Moreover, this is also important and helpful for you to find the best
Stomach Flu (Gastroenteritis) - What Actually Is It?
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You may hear about stomach flu? There are some people who often complain that they get stomach flu when experiencing a bout of diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting. But in fact, your doctor might say that this term doesn’t exist and misnomer. Many doctors prefer to use the term of gastroenteritis instead of stomach flu, which means inflamed or irritated
Norovirus (Symptoms and Causes)
What are the symptoms and causes of infection with norovirus? In many cases the infections are more likely mild & pass in a few days. That’s why many people with infection don’t see their doctor to get the right diagnosis! You may realize that you get infection if the same individuals who eat the same food are also ill.
Therefore, it is important to understand and know more about symptoms
Norovirus: How to Prevent Infection with It?
How to prevent infection with norovirus? There are some serious bad effects that can be caused by norovirus, include acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis, food poisoning, and food infection. It is also known or called ‘calicivirus’ or ‘Norwalk-like virus’! If you seriously want to prevent the infection with it, one of the most recommended tips is by keeping clean your body and far away from it.
Neurons are like Power Cords
Neurons are like power cords because the work by communicating electrical signals from one place to another.
A neuron has 3 main parts, the dendrites (B), the cell body, or soma (C), and the axon (A).
The dendrites receive the input from other cells. This input causes an electrical change in the cell, either pushing the cell's voltage upwards (exciting the cell) or downwards (inhibiting the cell). That signal has to travel down the dendrite to the soma (C).
The dendrites act like leaky power cords, and the strength of the signal decays during its journey to the soma.
In certain cells, the shape of the dendrite contributes to how it integrates multiple signals and how strongly it sends these signals to the soma.
The axon is responsible for sending out information from the neuron. It is usually longer that the dendrites because it often is carrying a signal from one brain region to another, from one hemisphere to the other, or even from the sensory neurons (like touch receptors) to the spinal cord.
When the axon is very long, it can't work if it is leaky. It will often have a myelin sheath that insulates* it and allows it to propagate its signal with great efficacy and speed.
Some ways that neurons are NOT like power cords are:
1. Power cords conduct electricity through the jumping of electrons, the current in neurons is due to the movement of ions (like sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl-)), and is not as fast as direct electron movement.
2. Power cords conduct huge amounts of electricity compared to neurons. The potentials relevant for neurons are on the millivolt scale, and the currents are measured in picoAmps. You could never be shocked by touching a neuron.
*it is more complicated than just acting as insulation, see Nodes of Ranvier if you really want to know how it works.
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A neuron has 3 main parts, the dendrites (B), the cell body, or soma (C), and the axon (A).
The dendrites act like leaky power cords, and the strength of the signal decays during its journey to the soma.
In certain cells, the shape of the dendrite contributes to how it integrates multiple signals and how strongly it sends these signals to the soma.
The axon is responsible for sending out information from the neuron. It is usually longer that the dendrites because it often is carrying a signal from one brain region to another, from one hemisphere to the other, or even from the sensory neurons (like touch receptors) to the spinal cord.
When the axon is very long, it can't work if it is leaky. It will often have a myelin sheath that insulates* it and allows it to propagate its signal with great efficacy and speed.
Some ways that neurons are NOT like power cords are:
1. Power cords conduct electricity through the jumping of electrons, the current in neurons is due to the movement of ions (like sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl-)), and is not as fast as direct electron movement.
2. Power cords conduct huge amounts of electricity compared to neurons. The potentials relevant for neurons are on the millivolt scale, and the currents are measured in picoAmps. You could never be shocked by touching a neuron.
*it is more complicated than just acting as insulation, see Nodes of Ranvier if you really want to know how it works.
Vaginal Yeast Infection Symptoms (Prevention Tips)
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What are vaginal yeast infection symptoms? There are small numbers of fungus (also known as yeast) that live normally in the vagina. And the yeast infection will occur if the number of yeast cells is too many or growing too much in the vagina. But it is common problem in many women, which may bother a lot! Read also how to cure yeast infection!
Most vaginal
Missed Period - What are the causes?
Do you have a missed period? What are the causes that can lead to a missed period? Well…Generally, menstrual periods of most women between 13-11 times for each year! But you may get fewer or more. However, irregular periods or missed periods should be looked and considered at in terms of what is normal or not for you!
The few years after the fist menstruation begins, periods are usually
Dementia (Untreatable and Treatable)
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Based on the causes, dementia can be divided into two major categories; untreatable and treatable dementia! As well we know that dementia is more likely to develop in elderly individuals. Therefore, most of cases are dominated by the people or individuals over the age of 65 (It can attack about 8 to 5 percent of older people in their 65s, even about half of
The cells that make us eat: Part 2
In the last post, we discussed the finding that stimulating the AgRP neurons in the hypothalamus directly causes mice to eat. You can see the video of the mouse eating with the light stimulation here.
Today we will look at a follow up paper by the same group. This paper looks at the mechanisms that might naturally stimulate these neurons. As the authors mention in the discussion, the origin of the pathways that naturally cause these neurons to fire is not known. (as in, the part of the brain that sends the main signals to these neurons is still a mystery) However, they can investigate what is happening at the junction between these pathways and the AgRP neurons, that is, at the synapse.
Using brains from mice that are either hungry or full, the researchers found that in hungry mice, the AgRP neurons recieve more synaptic input.
But why?
There are a few ways this could happen. One possibility is that the upstream neurons are firing more frequently because they are receiving more input from other pathways. But since it is not known where these neurons are, that is difficult to test. Another possibility is that the output ends of these neurons, the part which arrives at the synapse, releases neurotransmitter more easily in hungry mice than in full mice.
The research in this paper supports option number 2, that the hunger signal modulation occurs right at the synapse.
The researchers find that through a complex molecular pathway, involving ghrelin, leptin, and opioid signalling, the neurotransmitter release at the synapse is regulated by the animal's hunger state. Although too detailed to fully summarize here, the paper presents a satisfying and thorough explanation for how the AgRP neurons (the ones that cause eating when stimulated) could be modulated by hunger signals from the body.
One of the nice parts about this explanation is that it avoids the 'never ending chain of neurons' problem, where activity in one neuron is caused by a neuron stimulating it, which in turn is caused by a neuron stimulate that one, which is caused by... you get the point.
This paper strongly suggests that dynamic modulation of eating behavior can happen right at the synapse.
Yang Y, Atasoy D, Su HH, & Sternson SM (2011). Hunger states switch a flip-flop memory circuit via a synaptic AMPK-dependent positive feedback loop. Cell, 146 (6), 992-1003 PMID: 21925320
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Today we will look at a follow up paper by the same group. This paper looks at the mechanisms that might naturally stimulate these neurons. As the authors mention in the discussion, the origin of the pathways that naturally cause these neurons to fire is not known. (as in, the part of the brain that sends the main signals to these neurons is still a mystery) However, they can investigate what is happening at the junction between these pathways and the AgRP neurons, that is, at the synapse.
Using brains from mice that are either hungry or full, the researchers found that in hungry mice, the AgRP neurons recieve more synaptic input.
But why?
There are a few ways this could happen. One possibility is that the upstream neurons are firing more frequently because they are receiving more input from other pathways. But since it is not known where these neurons are, that is difficult to test. Another possibility is that the output ends of these neurons, the part which arrives at the synapse, releases neurotransmitter more easily in hungry mice than in full mice.
The research in this paper supports option number 2, that the hunger signal modulation occurs right at the synapse.
The researchers find that through a complex molecular pathway, involving ghrelin, leptin, and opioid signalling, the neurotransmitter release at the synapse is regulated by the animal's hunger state. Although too detailed to fully summarize here, the paper presents a satisfying and thorough explanation for how the AgRP neurons (the ones that cause eating when stimulated) could be modulated by hunger signals from the body.
One of the nice parts about this explanation is that it avoids the 'never ending chain of neurons' problem, where activity in one neuron is caused by a neuron stimulating it, which in turn is caused by a neuron stimulate that one, which is caused by... you get the point.
This paper strongly suggests that dynamic modulation of eating behavior can happen right at the synapse.
Yang Y, Atasoy D, Su HH, & Sternson SM (2011). Hunger states switch a flip-flop memory circuit via a synaptic AMPK-dependent positive feedback loop. Cell, 146 (6), 992-1003 PMID: 21925320What are Causes of Dementia?
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What are causes of dementia? There are several factors that can lead to it. As well we know that it is a group of symptoms or signs that caused by a certain condition or a certain disease like Alzheimer’s, and you have to completely understand that it is not a disease itself!
Dementia can lead to the loss of mental functions, including the loss performance to
Known-Types of Alzheimer’s!
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Looking for more information about types of Alzheimer’s disease? Before continuing, you may also like to know and read about the Alzheimer’s stages with the symptoms!
Well, generally this disease is divided into three known types that are; early-onset, late-onset, and FAD (Familial Alzheimer’s disease). The following are pieces of helpful information about
Alzheimer’s Stages with the Signs
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What are common signs of each stage of Alzheimer’s? Alzheimer’s is a progressive degradation in cognitive function that decreases the ability and erodes the memory to do a certain task over a period of several years. There are some people have opinion that it is a prompt descent into forgetfulness, but this opinion is wrong!
Read also early warning symptoms of
The cells that make us eat: Part 1
It is always exciting when a specific behavior can be directly linked to particular neurons.
This may seem like the basis for the next miracle diet, find a way to stimulate POMC neurons and suppress AgRP neurons, right?
Unfortunately it's not that easy. There is a lot more work to be done. In fact this is just the beginning of understanding the hunger circuit. Sure stimulating the neurons directly with light causes eating, but what naturally stimulates those neurons?
Neurons fire when they recieve signals from other neurons which in turn fire when they receive signals from other neurons.... and so forth in a never ending chain.
So, where does the 'must eat' signal ultimately come from?
where is the beginning of that neural chain?
We will investigate this a little more in Part 2, when we look at a follow up paper.
Aponte Y, Atasoy D, & Sternson SM (2011). AGRP neurons are sufficient to orchestrate feeding behavior rapidly and without training. Nature neuroscience, 14 (3), 351-5 PMID: 21209617January is Stalking Awareness Month
January has been designated Stalking Awareness Month in the United States.
Stalking, as defined by Dr. J. R. Meloy, is defined as "the willful, malicious and repeated following and harassing of another person." Stalking can affect anyone no matter gender, race, socio-economic status or geographic location. According to data in the United States, 1 in 12 women and 1 in 45 men will be stalked in their lifetime.
Although significant attention has been devoted to adult perpetrators and victims of stalking, there is persuasive evidence that stalking begins at a much younger age. Research suggests that stalking tendencies begin in childhood and have developmental issues related to attachment, identity formation, and emotional states involving jealousy, envy, and anger.
It's important to know that a stalker can be anyone, male or female, a stranger or someone familiar. There appears to be no single characteristic that indicates a person may display stalking behaviors. This is one of the reasons why every stalking case must be handled on an individual basis. Often, a stalker is someone the victim knows, like an ex-spouse, ex-boy/girlfriend, coworker, casual acquaintances, but a stalker can also be a stranger. Stalking can occur in real time, and even in cyberspace. One thing is for sure, being shadowed by an unwanted individual is unnerving to say the least.
Statistics:
• 3.4 million people over the age of 18 are stalked each year in the United States.
• 3 in 4 stalking victims are stalked by someone they know.
• 30% of stalking victims are stalked by a current or former intimate partner.
• 10% of stalking victims are stalked by a stranger.
• Persons aged 18-24 years experience the highest rate of stalking.
Things To Do:
No one ever deserves to be a victim of a stalker. Every situation that involves stalking is different, but here are some recommended guidelines to follow:
• Convey to the stalker that you wish to have no contact with him/her. Leave a paper trail or voice mail trail of this "one and only time" communication.
• Inform friends, family and your employer of the situation.
• Inform your local police department that you are a victim of a stalker. This is necessary safety precaution even if you don't intend to file charges.
• Document the situation in which you have seen or had any type of contact with the stalker. This can be done in a personal diary or journal. Save all letters or emails, phone calls, voice mails, texts, etc.
• Change your phone numbers, email address, website or blog, if necessary.
• Also document any other pertinent information such as a license plate number if the stalker is unknown to you, or personal appearances where you have witnessed this person. These steps can help you if the situation escalates into something more dangerous.
• File for a restraining or protective order. Information on filing can be obtained from your local court.
• Create a contingency plan for an emergency. Have a list of critical telephone numbers; e.g. local police, friends, domestic violence centers, an attorney.
• Have a necessities bag clothes, cash, etc. just in case you can’t go home.
• Always make sure you are never low on gas in your car.
• Take preventative measures to protect yourself from the stalker. Vary your routine. Don't do the same activities at the same time every day. For example go to work a little earlier than usual and use a different route.
• Have co-workers, roommates or family members screen phone calls and visitors.
• Do not travel alone if at all possible. There is safety in numbers.
• Convey to the stalker that you wish to have no contact with him/her. Leave a paper trail or voice mail trail of this "one and only time" communication.
• Inform friends, family and your employer of the situation.
• Inform your local police department that you are a victim of a stalker. This is necessary safety precaution even if you don't intend to file charges.
• Document the situation in which you have seen or had any type of contact with the stalker. This can be done in a personal diary or journal. Save all letters or emails, phone calls, voice mails, texts, etc.
• Change your phone numbers, email address, website or blog, if necessary.
• Also document any other pertinent information such as a license plate number if the stalker is unknown to you, or personal appearances where you have witnessed this person. These steps can help you if the situation escalates into something more dangerous.
• File for a restraining or protective order. Information on filing can be obtained from your local court.
• Create a contingency plan for an emergency. Have a list of critical telephone numbers; e.g. local police, friends, domestic violence centers, an attorney.
• Have a necessities bag clothes, cash, etc. just in case you can’t go home.
• Always make sure you are never low on gas in your car.
• Take preventative measures to protect yourself from the stalker. Vary your routine. Don't do the same activities at the same time every day. For example go to work a little earlier than usual and use a different route.
• Have co-workers, roommates or family members screen phone calls and visitors.
• Do not travel alone if at all possible. There is safety in numbers.
References
McCann, J.T. (2000). Stalking in children and adolescents: The primitive bond. Washington: APA Books.
Meloy, J. R. (1998). The psychology of stalking: Clinical and forensic perspectives. New York: Academic Press.
Pathe, M. (2002). Surviving stalking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Early Symptoms of Alzheimer’s
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Looking for early warning symptoms of Alzheimer’s? First, you have to clearly understand that these signs are not always clear-cut! Even you may be difficult to understand between dementia and Alzheimer’s. Read also about types of Alzheimer's!
Alzheimer’s is a kind of disease, and dementia is a group of signs, which can be loss of thinking, reasoning skills and
Breast Cancer: Best Foods to Prevent It
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What are best foods to prevent breast cancer? We all agree that a healthy living is the best choice to keep healthy and fit. But there are a lot of temptations that can make us far away from healthy-lifestyles in this modern living. One of serious diseases that can attack anyone (especially for women) is breast cancer.
You may also like to know some simple
Breast Cancer: Simple Prevention Tips
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How to lower the risk of breast cancer? Well although you can try with a certain drug to prevent a recurrence or prophylactic mastectomy, but generally there is no actually such thing as the prevention of breast cancer. On the other hand, it is much better to have a few basic of healthy lifestyles in order to reduce and lower your risk of growing this
Foods - What Else to Make You Smarter?
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As well we know that the top performance of your brain is so important to support your daily activities and even can be so closely associated with your carrier. Before continuing to read this article, don’t forget to read also the previous article ‘best foods to get smarter part I’! So, what else best foods to make you smarter?
There are a lot of foods to
Best 5 Foods to Get Smarter
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There are a lot of ideas to get smarter and one of popular choices is by choosing and eating the right foods? But the big question is ‘What are the best foods to get smarter?” Whatever your choice, those foods should be able to stimulate well the growth of the brain cells and eventually will be useful to improve the memory, function and concentration of the
Invisible (hidden) Signs of Stress
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What are the invisible (hidden) signs of stress? As well we know that Stress can attack anyone, even almost people has experienced with stress. There are a lot of causes that can lead to stress and if you cannot control well your stress then the risk of getting a certain health problem that can attack your body is higher. Moreover, stress can disturb your
Neurons activated by light
Then, when a light is flashed onto that neuron, it activates, much like it would if it had just been stimulated by electricity or the normal neuronal pathways leading to it.
What is so great about this is that with tricks of genetics, a researcher can get this channel to express only in one kind of cell, making it so that cell1 is activated when the light comes on, but cell2 is not.
Previously if you wanted to stimulate neurons in a living brain you had to insert metal electrodes which would stimulate all the cells within a certain radius. Optogenetics gives cellular specificity, where metal electrodes don't.
Some great discoveries are already being made using this technique:
Which neurons cure the effects of Parkinson's Disease during deep brain stimulation (Gradinaru et al., 2009)?
Which neurons make a mouse eat (Aponte et al., 2011)?
And many more.
Though this is not a technique that is meant to be used on humans for disease treatment, metal stimulating electrodes are already being used to treat some disorders (parkinson's see here and here. and depression). How would the ethics of optogenetic treatments differ? Instead of a metal electrode, a genetic alteration would have to take place in some neurons and a fiber optic cable would have to be implanted.
Thoughts?
Pet Allergen: Tips to Reduce and Eliminate It!
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Having cats or dogs in your home is fun and even can help you to reduce your stress. They can be best friends for anyone, but if you have asthma or allergies then they also will be the worst enemy of your body. And in this article, let’s focus to explore some ideas to reduce and eliminate pet allergens! You may also like to read top diseases that attack men!
Healthy Pregnancy Tips (You Have Diabetes)
If you are a woman and you ask about what is the most challenging moment in your life then pregnancy is one the answers. And this could be more if you have diabetes, which will be required more concern to keep the health of your pregnancy. So, take a few minutes to read some helpful healthy pregnancy tips if you have diabetes below!
The big question is what you should do to handle a
Best Metabolism-Foods for Fat-Burning
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Metabolism-foods will be helpful to keep well the performance of metabolism of your body. They usually can be used for a high source of useful compounds and nutrients to encourage your metabolism. With the good performance of metabolism you will be able to control your weight more easily. So, what are best metabolism-foods for fat-burning that you should choose!
4 Lifestyle Approaches to Lose Weight
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We might familiar with a popular story from people who are hard-working to lose their weight but they cannot get a satisfied result. They may have a nice and perfect plan of diet, but if they cannot control their appetite well or they have poor lifestyles then most likely the diet will be over & useless. If you one of them, take a few minutes to read 4 lifestyle
January is National Mentoring Month
There are few relationships in life that are more influential than those between a mentor and a young person.
I know this from both sides of the coin.
You see, I have had many a mentor in my life growing up. A person who took a unique interest in me, fostered my growth and guided me onward. And I've also been a mentor to many as well., paying the experience forward.
Being involved in mentoring has been so rewarding and meaningful to me. In fact, research shows that mentoring is an extraordinary experience for all involved.
January is National Mentoring Month.
Be mentor.
Change a life.
And transform your own.
Best Foods to Get Healthy Bones!
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Are you looking for best foods to get healthy bones? Well, there are two major nutrients when we are talking about how to build and get strong bones that are vitamin D and calcium. The quality of structure of teeth and bones of your body is so influenced by the intake of calcium. And vitamin D has function to improve the absorption of calcium and also important
The Importance of Vegetable Intake (Fiber)
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Your mother might be often to remind you about the importance of vegetable intake or fiber intake, but did you really ever listen? There are a lot of reports and studies found how importance of vegetable intake for our body. So there is no reason why you do not like to eat vegetables.
You can get a lot of advantages or benefits by considering well the intake
Helpful Guide to Stay Hydrated Better!
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It is around 70-60 percent of your body made up of water (this calculation is dependent on the gender, body composition and type)! You need to get adequate intake of water per day to exercise, eat, sleep and even important to help your body to excrete toxins. Therefore, you could not live without it and you have to stay hydrated! So, how to keep hydrated better?
Tips to Stay Young and Healthy
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All living things will be getting older, including mankind! Therefore there is nothing wrong with the aging process. But the point is how to slow down the aging process so thus you will stay young and healthy whatever your age! We can find a lot of tips and articles about how to keep young but good lifestyle approaches are one of the best ideas I think.
There
5 Ways to Quickly Get Pregnant
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There are some women who cannot get pregnant quickly. As well we know that there are many factors can influence the fertility of women! And unfortunately, when a woman wants to get pregnant then she tends to get stress due to only over focus to get a baby. Read also fertility enhancers for men and women!
However, there are several ways on how to get pregnant
Top Early Symptoms (Signs) of Pregnancy -- More Facts
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There are some early signs or symptoms of pregnancy. These early signs are usually the uncertain symptoms that can be alert for you to the fact you are pregnant or not. But to make sure you are pregnant or not more accurately, you have to do a pregnancy test.
The early signs of pregnancy vary from one individual to other individuals -- even also can be vary
Lifestyle Approaches to Boost Your Sex Life
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For some people, a steamy sex life is something that only can be read and found in books. This is reasonable, because with all of the stress packed & mounting hassles into every day will make a good sex be something like only fantasy or dream rather than reality. Today, you can find a lot of tips and articles on internet about how to improve and boost your sex
5 Popular Diseases That Attack Men
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Most of diseases can attack your body if you have poor habits and poor exercises. Today, the issues of the men’s health problems are slightly less popular than the issues of the women’s health problems. But basically, either men or women have the same level of risk to get an attack of a certain disease. And there are some popular diseases that more often attack
Neurons are like Snowflakes
One of the first things that people noticed when looking at the brain on the cellular scale is that neurons are shaped differently from other cells.
Drawings like this one by Ramon y Cajal show that neurons are not only shaped differently from say, blood cells, but also shaped differently from each other. (I am not going to give you a history lesson, but you can read all about Ramon y Cajal and his famous drawings here.) And if you are really lost and don't know what a neuron is, check out neuroscience for kids.
Now there are much more sophisticated ways to analyze the shape of neurons. Software such as Neuromantic allow scientists to digitally reconstruct neurons and quantitatively analyze their shape. Once a neuron is digitally reconstructed, it can be deposited in a database for everyone to use. You can browse at least 7,000 neurons at neuromorpho.org, visualize them in 3D, and even analyze information about how long the dendrites are, how many dendrites branch off, and how much area is in each compartment.
The interesting thing about the shape of neurons is that though they might all be unique (like snowflakes), they can be classified into any number of categories based on their details. There are certain classes of neuron that could never be confused with one another. for example, the Purkinje cell of the cerebellum has a distinct sea-coral shape...
... while the Pyramidal cells of the cortex have a bushy basal arbor of dendrites and a long vertical apical dendrite.
There are two main types of question currently being investigated by researchers:
1. what genes and molecules make neurons grow into a certain shape
(review: Libersat and Duch, 2004)? Similarly, how are neuron shapes altered in neurological diseases?
and
2. What does a neuron's shape have to do with it's function?
What sort of information it can receive and communicate when it has a huge flat dendritic arbor (like the Purkinje cell), or when it has a long narrow dendrite (like the Pyramidal cell)? Or could many different neuron shapes function the same way and these differences are just accidents of evolution (as a snowflake's shape is not really for a purpose, but an accident of condensation)?
Feel free to leave answers, questions, and wild hypotheses below in the comments section.
reade more...
The interesting thing about the shape of neurons is that though they might all be unique (like snowflakes), they can be classified into any number of categories based on their details. There are certain classes of neuron that could never be confused with one another. for example, the Purkinje cell of the cerebellum has a distinct sea-coral shape...
 |
| purkinje cell |
 |
| sea coral |
 |
| cortical pyramidal cells |
There are two main types of question currently being investigated by researchers:
1. what genes and molecules make neurons grow into a certain shape
(review: Libersat and Duch, 2004)? Similarly, how are neuron shapes altered in neurological diseases?
and
2. What does a neuron's shape have to do with it's function?
What sort of information it can receive and communicate when it has a huge flat dendritic arbor (like the Purkinje cell), or when it has a long narrow dendrite (like the Pyramidal cell)? Or could many different neuron shapes function the same way and these differences are just accidents of evolution (as a snowflake's shape is not really for a purpose, but an accident of condensation)?
Feel free to leave answers, questions, and wild hypotheses below in the comments section.
5 Causes Can Disturb your Diet!
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You have done all steps & suggestions of your diet program, and you are also hard-working to do exercise regularly, but there is no a satisfied result of your weight loss program, why? Well, there must be something wrong that you should learn clearly.
You may also like to know about TLC and dash diet, before continuing!
And there are a lot of factors that can
TLC and Dash Diet Review (Best Choices in 2012)
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Every woman love having a slim body. Therefore, they will do anything in order to keep the shape of their body. And as well we know that there are a lot of choices and models of diet to choose from, and some of the best choices are dash diet and TLC. The following are pieces of helpful information about TLC and dash diet review and why you should choose them for
Top 5 Healthy Benefits of Apple!
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Well, if you have ever heard that an apple a day is enough to help you far away from your doctor then this statement could be true, because there are many healthy advantages of apple that will make you be healthier and your body is not easily to get sick. Read also health benefits of matcha green tea!
Apple is not only delicious fruit to indulge your taste
Keep Air Clean At Home (4 Simple Ways)
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It is undeniable that fresh and clean air at home is so important to support our activities and promote good health for our body. But if you live in urban areas, clean air is something that cannot be found easily in your environment. Bad quality air at home can lead to COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) and other diseases. Therefore, it is so
Factors that Can Cause Depression
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In this modern living, depression is something can be found not too difficultly in our environment. There are a lot of factors that can lead to this problem -- some of those factors are unemployment, grief, financial problems or trauma, and so on. Read also signs of depression in women!
But there are also some cases that not easy to pinpoint a specific cause.
Cold Treatments (Simple Tips and Guide)
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If you feel an achy body or a tickle in throat or even a cloudy head then you may be getting sick with a cold. Cold is one of the most frequently illness (average adults can get this disease three times a year) and it can often attack your body, especially in the rain season or winter.
So if you are getting sick with a cold, the following are simple
Top Simple Tips to Never Getting ill or Sick
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There are many simple ideas to keep the best performance of your body. You may think that by getting flu vaccine is one of numerous options to avoid flu. Let’s to the point, the following are some simple tips to never getting sick by boosting the virus protection (immune function) of your body.
Keep the cleanliness of your hands!
In fact, flu or
Introductions
Hello and welcome to The Cellular Scale.
This is my first post, and I would like to explain why I am creating this blog.
There are some great blogs out there that discuss neuroscience for both scientists and lay people, and I am planning to have links to them soon. I thoroughly enjoy these blogs, but find that they generally focus on the higher level of neuroscience, such as behavioral studies and human fMRI scans. While this level of neuroscience is interesting to everyone, some people might want to focus a little closer in.
With The Cellular Scale, I am hoping to bring cellular level neuroscience to the blog world and to start discussions between scientists and non-scientists regarding neurons and the way they work.
reade more...
This is my first post, and I would like to explain why I am creating this blog.
There are some great blogs out there that discuss neuroscience for both scientists and lay people, and I am planning to have links to them soon. I thoroughly enjoy these blogs, but find that they generally focus on the higher level of neuroscience, such as behavioral studies and human fMRI scans. While this level of neuroscience is interesting to everyone, some people might want to focus a little closer in.
With The Cellular Scale, I am hoping to bring cellular level neuroscience to the blog world and to start discussions between scientists and non-scientists regarding neurons and the way they work.
Top 5 Foods for Fat-Fighting!
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If you seriously want to lose the weight then one of important factors that you have to concern carefully is what you eat? There are a lot of foods to choose from for fat-fighting. And you can find more information about new superfoods for 2012 to fight fat on internet. -- Read also foods for healthy heart!
And the following are some top five foods for
Simple Steps to Reduce Pimple Redness
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One of the most frequently problems that can disturb the look of your skin (especially the face) is pimple redness. How to reduce pimple redness effectively? There are a lot of tips and ways to reduce or hide pimple redness, and you can find those tips easily on internet.
The beauty of your skin is so important to keep well your performance and encourage your confidence. Well,
4 Healthy snacks to Work (Save More Money)
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It’s undeniable that employees who work in their office room tend to spend more time at the front office desk and monitor of computer. Even they can take long hours on their office chair in order to finish their project or task on time. Therefore, there are a lot of employees who put snacks or food on their desk for just snacking or replenish their lost energy